Billy Liar: How to play Rita in her first scene

I have been using the Nelson Thornes Dramascripts edition of Billy Liar. I will discuss how I would play Rita in the selected scene. In this particular scene, I think it is important to show how aggravating the character of Rita is to everyone else on stage, and while I want the audience to understand this too, it is also a scene rich in moments with comic potential. For most of the section, Rita is pushy and aggressive; however there are occasional moments when she almost lets her guard down. I wish to explore the subtextual side of Rita's personality including the motives for her wanting the engagement ring from Billy. I view Rita as more complex than she may appear on first impressions, and instead of solely wanting the ring to show off, she may desire the ring to give her a feeling of belonging, to prove to herself and those around her that she can be loved, as in places, she could be seen as a deeply insecure character. At the beginning of the selected section, when Rita first makes her entrance, I want the audience to see how Rita does anything to get what she wants, even if it entails storming into a stranger's house. I would also want the audience to see that she is a formidable character, who will stop at nothing to achieve her goal. I would enter onto the stage by striding from the back of the room, through the gap in the middle of the seating, walking quickly with clenched fists to show aggression. I would pause at the entrance to the stage at the end of the walkway, to allow time for the audience and other characters to take in what has happened. During this pause I would narrow my eyes, as if locking in on a target, and adopt a posture with one hip jutted to the left with my hand placed on it, and one knee slightly bent. I would have a menacing, and almost snarling facial expression, and my breathing would be heavier and more exaggerated to show that Rita is angry, but is trying to control herself. After this, I would strut quickly and purposefully down to the main area of the stage, where I would pause again centre-stage, while scanning the room. This would give an intimidating impression to the audience as well as the rest of the cast. During the 1950's, the Domestic Revolution took place and people began taking more pride in their homes, as they had more money to spend on new appliances for the house. By storming into someone's house at this period in time, it highlights the rudeness Rita displays in this section. As the scene progresses, Rita's anger is exacerbated by other people's reactions to her entrance. Billy tries to â€Å"guide Rita towards the door† which would aggravate her, as she is trying to appear as assertive in front of people which she wants to unnerve. While I want to let the audience know who is in control at this point in the scene, I still want to keep the fast-paced and chaotic atmosphere which prevails through most of this act. I am interpreting Rita's stage direction â€Å"shrugging him away† as something more violent, and when Billy tries to lead her away, I would respond by grabbing Billy's outstretched hand by the wrist and firmly pushing it back to his side. I would then deliver the line â€Å"take your mucky hands†¦ toffee-nosed get† starting on a high inflection to show Rita's indignation at being dragged around the room. I would let the inflection fall towards the end of the line, and practically spit out the last words â€Å"rotten toffee-nosed get†, over-pronouncing each consonant. During the next part of the line, â€Å"you didn't think I'd come in, did you? † I would slowly saunter over towards Billy, as if teasing him for not foreseeing my reaction. I would say the last two words â€Å"did you? † in a patronising tone of voice, almost mocking him. In the 1950's, when this play is set, it was not the norm for a woman to be superior to a man in any way, such as in the home or at work. By showing how Rita is overpowering Billy, it conveys the rebellion and self-confidence Rita possesses. The moment in which Rita notices Barbara for the first time is full of dramatic potential. At this point, Rita has been dominating the argument and when Barbara tells her that she is also engaged to Billy, Rita is taken aback and possibly even stunned into silence for a moment. I would want the audience to register this sudden change in the atmosphere. Barbara would say the line â€Å"Billy's grandma†¦ ill in bed†, at which point Rita first turns to Barbara and, after a sharp flick of her head in Barbara's direction, says â€Å"Oooh, look what the cat's brought in†¦ in a rotten iron lung†. This would be said in a high pitched voice, to sound like I am imitating Barbara and with a varying intonation to add to the childish connotations of imitating someone. Barbara's line â€Å"for your information, I happen to be Billy's fianci† is the one thing during this scene which alters Rita's otherwise constant mocking tone. After her line is said, I would initially begin as I said the previous line, saying the words â€Å"Oooh, for your information† in the same condescending tone as before, and the realisation of what Barbara really said would hit me after this part of the line. I would pause after these words, and slightly furrow my brow in a confused manner and purse my lips plaintively. I would slightly stutter on the next part of the line, as if I couldn't believe what I had just heard. Through the rest of the line, my intonation would rise higher and higher, and I would begin to accelerate my speech as Rita loses control and becomes more agitated, at being lied to by Billy, about someone which she would consider less desirable than her. This also reveals that Rita might care more about the engagement than she outwardly shows, and she might really be hurt that she couldn't make her relationship work. At the end of the line, I would straighten out my clothes as if ashamed of myself for letting my control on this situation momentarily slip. As this section goes on, the audience learns that Billy has given Barbara the engagement ring which was meant for Rita. This induces Rita's short monologue on the subject of the ring. Barbara's one-word line of â€Å"Billy! would be sharply cut into by Rita curtly scoffing, and then beginning her line, by saying, â€Å"Yeah, well you've got another think coming if you think I'm as daft as she is†. This would be said with a heavy inflection on the word ‘she' to indicate that she places herself above Barbara. The next words of â€Å"You gave that ring to me† would be said much slower, with pauses in between each 2 words to highlight her frustration. In each group of three words, I would point firstly at Billy, next to Barbara, and then finally to myself. This would include most of the people onstage in her rage to show that no one is immune to her outbursts. As Rita launches into an anecdote about ‘Shirley Mitchem' seeing Billy give her the ring, I would pace up and down the centre of the stage, with dramatic hand gestures on key words such as ‘witness' or ‘I've got two' to make her point clear to everyone watching. Again, as Rita is quite irate and despairing over Billy at this point, she would have an ascending intonation, but would sound quite flustered. This could be achieved by making her voice slightly breathy, and by sighing deeply at the end of her line. Rita, by this point in the section is aching for control again, and to come back to her usual cheeky self. She sees this opportunity when Alice tells her â€Å"you know as well as I do he's under-age†. After this line, I would pause slightly, turn my head to the audience and raise my eyebrows, in a sceptical fashion, as if letting the audience know that something interesting is about to happen. Leading with a turn of my head, I would begin to sashay gleefully over to Alice, and say the line â€Å"ask him†¦ over-age more like† with a relatively quiet voice, and edge ever closer to Alice, as if taunting her with this information. I think that Rita would be enjoying this particular moment, and so I would let a half-smile play across my face, almost as if I couldn't help but have fun with torturing Alice. I feel this would be a good way to act this line as this is Rita being able to be aggressive in a much more underhand manner, which shows her being a much more intelligent and scheming person than is often outwardly shown. This is in contrast to what a normal 1950's young woman would act like, as in this period, women were still expected to stay at home, look after children and not be as intelligent as men supposedly were. By Rita exercising a clever, sneaky side of her personality, she is opposing the norm in the 1950's, and even taking on the role which was seen as more masculine. At the end of this section, Rita has asserted herself again in the pole position in this dispute. I still want the audience to see the predominant, pushy side of her. As she rudely cuts into Billy's tired explanation, I would hold up my hand in an outstretched stop sign, almost pushing it into his face, to show just how sick of his convoluted excuses she is. After this I would return my hands to my hips and strut downstage while saying â€Å"well she can have you†¦ very much doubt† and during these lines, I would have a smug expression on my face. However, this would quickly change to a scowl with a furrowed forehead, as I begin to reel off the list of insults which Rita throws at Billy. These successive slurs would result in me repeatedly prodding Billy on his chest while quickly walking in his direction, almost chasing him. The volume in my voice would increase, and end in me shouting in Billy's face as I would be closer to him by now. This will end the section with Rita being the leader in the argument, and she has had the satisfying last word, which suits her firm and aggressive nature. In conclusion, I hope I have created a picture of Rita being a forthright and belligerent character, full of determination to achieve what she wants with little or no consideration for anybody else in the situation. However, I feel that her frustration and, at times, slight desolation over the fact that she couldn't make her engagement work with Billy, or she was in some way not all that he wanted, was also displayed in some sections.

Being a Teenager

Being a teenager The teenage years are the years were you try to find out who you are. It’s the best period in life. But it’s also one of the hardest. By Frederik Handberg Hello I’m Frederik. I want to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being a teenager. My opinion is that it’s hard to be a â€Å"normal† teenager in 2011. It can get confusing whit all the different situations you have to deal with. But there are also many great things when it comes to being a teenager.And I think that that is very important to remember when you’re young and sometimes can feel a bit down over things in life. I think that teenager’s opinions are being heard in the public space. But they are sometimes being neglected. Because people just think we are a bunch of confused minors. Many teenagers have an opinion to how the world and life should be. But we don’t get influence on the decisions which is taken. People still treat us like a child. And that can sometimes get quite annoying when we try to grow up.Many teenagers see the school as a place where they are forced to be during the day. But that isn’t my opinion. Of course it can be irritating sometimes to get up a rainy day and go to school. But I mostly see the school as a place where you meet your friends. And meet new people. Another thing that approximately all teenagers have wondered about, I think. Is their popularity among their friends in the class. Sometimes you can feel like a complete idiot. And other times feel like you can take on the whole world.When you grow up you will also see that you get more responsibility and control over your own life. Although you can feel that your parents are being more irritating and over protective. And you don’t always see your parent’s decisions as a good thing. I guess that is a part of being a teenager and grow up. Sometimes you believe that your parents only are there to make life miserable for you . And set limits for your growing expression. You sometimes feel that your parents must have forgotten how it was to be a teenager.But in the end I think that you will see that you’re parents only tried to take care of you. And do the best thing possible for you. I think our parents would show us even more confidence, if we managed to have a good relationship to them. It is also in the teenage years that you try to define who you are as a person. In other words, what your identity is. That’s why many teenagers try many different things in these years. That not always is thought through. But if we don’t try we won’t move us and develop us in life. Frederik Handberg, 488 words.

M3 Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M3 Discussion - Essay Example Common stocks are the most popular investment instrument in the stock market. One of the advantages of common stocks is its liquidity. A second advantage of common stocks is that the payment of dividends is optional (Harris, 2012). A disadvantage of the sale of common stocks is the lost of power due to the fact that common stockholders have voting rights. The high cost of launching an IPO is another con of common stocks. The use of preferred stocks is another long term financing option for the company. Preferred stocks offer the advantage of not diluting the power of the owners due to its lack of voting rights. One of the disadvantages of the use of preferred stocks is that preferred stocks have mandatory dividend payments. A third long term financing option for Genesis is bank loans. A business loan in the United States can be obtained to be financed in ten or more years. The interest rate of a business loan varies depending on the credit score of the business. A con of business loans is that they are a liability that must be paid every month. An increase in liabilities decreases the cash flow of a company. Lenders have cero power or influence over the operating decisions of a company, thus the use of loans does not dilute the power structure of an enterprise. A good thing about bank loans is that they provide companies with large sums of money in exchange for a small monthly payment. A fourth option that Genesis can utilize to obtain financing is the use of corporate bonds. A bond is a debt instruments that pays a coupon interest payment, while the principal is paid once the bond reaches maturity age. Bonds can be very useful debt instruments for companies with cash flow problems because the bond deb tor does not have the obligation of paying the principal payment until the end of the bond contract. The relative risk affects the cost of capital of a company due to the

Kant, Fundamental Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kant, Fundamental Principles - Essay Example Because if the will behind these things are bad, so will the actions be bad. Intelligence can be used to create things which help the world or which harm it. Courage can be good in the fact of danger or it can exercised without moderation and result in more danger. A person acts out of moral duty if the only reason he commits is the act is out of recognition that he has a moral duty. Moral duty requires understanding the value of the morality of an act. It is good will that that is the motivation for duty and nothing else. 3. A maxim is a subjective principle, e.g., I keep promises, and Kant claims that actions derive their moral worth from the maxims behind the actions. Another way to put this might be that the goodness of an action is based on the why the action was performed. Give an example of the same action being performed by two different people, e.g., giving money to charity, and explain how the second person's action can be morally superior to the first person's action. Example 2: A person is being held hostage in a house by an escaped convict when the police knock on the door. Because they believe the convict's story that he was unfairly convicted and therefore innocent, the person refuses to answer the door. Even if one is under the most difficult of circumstances, Kant disallows the notion of universalizing such a concept. Although the invidual lie could be willed, applying it universally would be incoherent in the sense that it would turn every promise into a false, empty promise. 5. Write a brief essay in which you describe a biomedical scenario, identify a moral question arising from it, and resolve the question by applying the categorical imperative to the scenario. You must state the categorical imperative in your essay. A recent real-life scenario brought to the forefront an analysis of Kantian ethics in the biomedical field. During the ravages of Hurricane Katrina several elderly people housed in a nursing home were left to the ethical considerations of doctors and nurses. Lines of communication with family members of patients were non-existent, power supplies were down and nutrition delivery severely compromised. In addition, the lack of an adequate response from the government left medical personnel with the distinct impression that they could be caring for these patients for several days, if not weeks, before help arrived. Faced the horror of allowing these patients to suffer needlessly for who knew how long or to allow them to die peacefully in their sleep, an ethical dilemma was definitely being presented to them. Kant's categorical imperative impels us to act "according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it would become a universal law." In other words, if the doctors and nurses under these circumstances chose to enact mercy

How We Got Lincoln Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How We Got Lincoln - Essay Example Judd, in order to give Lincoln an advantage of home city. Another thing was the reaction that Abraham Lincoln got to his speech that he delivered in Copper Union in 1860, which attracted a lot of Northeastern Republicans, who were already seeking an alternative to Senator Seward. This paper tends to discuss and analyze, â€Å"How we got Lincoln†, by focusing on the national republican convention held in Chicago in1860. Abraham Lincoln became a nominee for presidency in the convention. The writer states that much was said against Senator Seward, who was the focus of attention on the May 17, 1860 Chicago national republican convention, something that went in support of Abraham Lincoln. Delegates from 24 states, including Missouri, Kentucky, Virginia, Delaware and Maryland, attended the Chicago convention. William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, and Abraham Lincoln of Illinois were the primary nominees from a turf of twelve candidates. Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, a candid abolitionist was selected as vice-president. The Republican platform, which was adopted by the convention, clearly stated that slavery would not be extended, nor promoted anymore, for the benefit of the black community. It stated that free-homestead legislation would be enacted, and a daily mail-service and a transcontinental railroad will be established. In the convention, three candidates stood in opposition of Lincoln. They were Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat), John Bell (Constitutional Union Party), and John Cabell Breckenridge (Southern Democrat). Douglas was Lincoln’s closest rival. Lincoln's key squabble for recognition at the convention was Douglas’ defeat for the Senate in the 1860 election in his home state of Chicago, Illinois. Given that Douglas was a popular Democratic nominee, Lincoln's show in the election was significant. However, Lincoln won a lot more votes than Douglas, winning a good percentage of the popular vote. There was also a lot of competition for the Republican nomination in the convention. The Republican candidates included Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania,  Ben Wade and Salmon Chase of Ohio,  Cassius Clay of Kentucky, and Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was the least known among all the Republican candidates, because he had not held any elected position since 1840. Lincoln had fewer votes than Seward on the first and second ballet, but won from the third ballot in the convention. In the third ballet, Lincoln was short of a few votes, but Ohio chair, over a settlement, declared the switch of four votes from Salmon Chase to Lincoln, which pushed Lincoln over the required total. The convention expressed immense applause. After a long journey of campaign and elections, the Vice President Breckinridge, on February 11, announced the victory of Abraham Lincoln. Republican success in the Chicago convention became possible not only because of Lincoln’s stance against slavery, but also due to dissatisfaction of the citizens with the D emocratic Party. Hence, we see that the writer has portrayed a true picture of the Chicago national convention of 1860, in which Lincoln won his nomination as a president. The writer has given intricate details, and there is nothing else about the convention that is left to be conveyed to the reader. The writer, in his article, has tried to convey the true picture of achievement by Abraham Lincoln at the Chicago conve

The image analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The image analysis - Essay Example This paper will analyse all the aspects of this advert in relation to the target audience, the physical construction of the advert, and the significance of this analysis to the American society. Description The advert entails the image of a beautiful woman with bright coloured clothes holding a red fruit. It also entails the image of Dasani branded water, and an equally bright coloured restaurant recipe with a portrait of a man. Also in the advert, we have image of the new Macdonald’s premium salad as served in different settings that include the Asian, Caesar, Bacon ranch, and Southwest settings. More so, there are readable texts defining the new MacDonald’s premium salad. We also have an inscription asserting that somebody loves the MacDonald’s premium salad. The advert is generally fascinating with the beautiful images and the bright coloration forming the ultimate attraction. More so, the image of the beautiful woman in the advert derives a sweet feeling and making the advert eye-catching and irresistible. Indeed, the advert generates a relaxing mood and creates a fulfilling atmosphere. Actually, by just seeing it you feel enticed, your appetite aroused, and the desire to enjoy the Macdonald’s premium salad as advertised in the advert is keeps glowing. In addition, the advert has visible yet interesting lighting, as it is comfortable to the eye and calls for attention. The advert is seemingly at an angle of 90 degrees thus facing the audience for maximum clarity. Moreover, there is cropping in the advert and focus directs to the objective of the advert, which is to inform on the new MacDonald’s product. Bright colours apply in the advert and the dark background of the advert serves a significant role of generating clarity, creating comfort to the eye, and balancing the effect of the bright colours and lighting. Furthermore, the language used in the advert is simple, clear, and understandable to the target audience and seek s to entice the audience to aim at enjoying a piece of the new product. It communicates a happy feeling, generates a festive mood, and defines the sweetness of the new product. Analysis The target audience for this advert is the fast-food lovers, MacDonald’s customers, and people living in Southwest America, Bacon ranch, and Asians. Mostly the middle class, middle aged and working class is also target of this advert. Generally, although women form the largest customer base for salads, this advert targets people of all genders. The general significance of all features in the advert is to promote this product to its target audience. However, specifically the significance of the bright clothing, shiny accessories, bright coloured hair, lovely facial expressions, the relaxed posing positioning, and a comfortable gestures is to create an appealing effect to the audience. This draws the attention of the audience, encourages them to focus, and entices them to identify with the produ ct. Indeed, the elements in the advert fascinates, creates a special interest, and tempts the audience to buy as they attract them, describes the sweetness of the product, and assures them they will love it. In addition, the images and words appeal to these individuals’ desires by generating a festive mood, encouraging them to eat the product

The Unification of Nature and Man in Jack Turners Metaphor of Pelicans Essay

The Unification of Nature and Man in Jack Turners Metaphor of Pelicans - Essay Example The metaphor then becomes a unification of how men naturally are, as opposed to observing these as nature that is outside of those who are observing the birds. The observations that Turner makes about the pelican are related to specific attributes and parts of the character that this bird holds and which others don’t. Turner not only uses this to imply specific aspects of the bird from the natural perspective. There is also a connection to the descriptions and the desires which the author has to have these same attributes. Turner describes specific details about the pelicans, while leaving others out, specifically to show how these relate to the natural elements of men. The first concept which shows this is when Turner tells about the pelican in flight. â€Å"So although 19,000 feet is impressive, and no one knows how high pelicans can or do fly, the most interesting question is this: What are they doing up there? Soaring. Cackling. Yes, but why? I don’t think anybody knows, and this mystery, along with inevitable speculations, are a large part why I find them so appealing†. This particular passage is one that is only describing the nature of pelicans and the high flight which they take. However, Turner grabs onto this notion as one that is filled with mystery and an attribute that no other bird has. This becomes a metaphor for what the author desires, specifically because of the appeal which he has when describing this component of the pelican. This also links to the attributes which the author believes that every human has. The mystery as well as the ideal of being able to fly to places where others can’t find the birds becomes the desire which Turner also longs for. and believes is a natural human element that all have. Another application which Turner adds in when describing the birds is with the sounds that they make. This is first described with the sound and absence of sound that the birds have when they are in breeding season or when applying this to other aspects of their natural habitat. Turner states that this is not heard as often and is difficult to observe because of the mystery of the birds and the desire to stay away from humans. There is another reference which goes beyond this to show how the pelicans are quiet and when observed have different sounds that are distinguished. Turner takes the concept of the sounds that are with the birds and relates it to another attribute that he finds appealing. â€Å"The silence of pelicans, along with their great age, contributes to their dignity† (838). These types of statements show how the natural elements of the pelican relate directly to the fascination of the author. More important , it becomes a metaphor that creates a desire in the author to be similar to the pelicans and the dignity in which they have. The Pelican as Metaphor The concept of the pelican is one which Turner changes from description into recognition that there is a reflection of the human spirit in the pelican. The attributes and the way in which the pelicans live is one which is similar to what humans long for. The metaphor becomes one of what humans long for and is a reflection of their spirit. Turner states that the pelican becomes a metaphor

Real Estate Law Week 1 Ind wrk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Real Estate Law Week 1 Ind wrk - Research Paper Example This is because, unlike personal property which is essentially, movable items which are not part of the land, real property refers to land and the things that are permanently affixed to that land. In this regard, notice that even if you should intend to sell the land upon which the house rests, neither will unseat the house from the land, nor can you sell the house minus the land. In another wavelength, it is imperative that you determine the type of real property ownership your house will be under. There is life estate where the right to possess, access and use this house will be limited to the proprietor’s (the Daryl’s) lifetime. In this case, the Darryls may give or sell away the property, later. The family can also resort to free simple which is outright ownership. There is also future interest where the family can seek the right to won the house sometime in future. The Darryls may also consider contingent interest or lienholder where ownership is comes into existence only where specific conditions are fulfilled, or where the Darryls as the holder of a mortgage, judgment lien, deed of trust or mechanic’s lien on real estate take ownership interest in the real property, respectively (Elias,

When companies come together in a supply chain, the result can be Essay

When companies come together in a supply chain, the result can be vastly more than the sum of the parts with significant impact on communications, organizational structure, relationships and performance - Essay Example There may be many companies, which have maintained a systematic well-maneuvered delivery mechanics in supplying their products in response the market demand. This may happen that the companies have a strong configured system for maintaining a strong supply chain towards their purchase of raw materials, delivery and distribution of the raw materials in accordance with their different product lines, maintenance of their work-in-progress in a well stipulated way and finally delivery of their final product and finished goods from the center of production to the different region of consumption. But due to some unwanted communication failure they face a shortfall in maintaining its management system. What the companies will do in such circumstances? There comes the necessity of togetherness of the companies in respect of sophistication of their management system keeping a common goal of a strong organizational structure, relationship assortment and communication structure and well-acquaint ed performance. This type of joint venture of the companies not only help them in their short run systematic behavior towards different dimension of their businesses, but it will also help them for getting a way of achieving sustainability in the long run also. Joint ventures if chosen in a proper way and implemented accordingly, it can be a enormous approach for the businesses to achieve such opportunities and ultimately their desired profits, that otherwise is not possible. The grouping up of the companies in a supply chain can enhance their reaching in different regions and areas of market, accessing untapped resources and necessary business information and data, building acceptability, credibility and trustworthiness of the companies in the market both in terms of their brand and  delivery mechanism. They can be further benefited in accessing and penetrating new market that would otherwise impossible without the assistance of

Meet Your Rep - Columbus, Ohio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Meet Your Rep - Columbus, Ohio - Essay Example As the representative for Ohio, he believes that proper delivery of education to the public is the way to deliver sustainable development. Pat Tiberi is a son of Italian immigrants and this means that his background is economically humble. According to his website, he and his siblings attended public school and this has created a passion for proper public education. However, even though he has these ideas, implementing such ideas is made harder because of the structure of the government, where the president’s office is the one that creates budget estimates and also indirectly controls the funding methods (GAO, 2012). Pat is a partisan politician and this may reflect in the way he looks at issues. Coming from a middleclass background may mean that he depends on sponsors for his political campaigns and this may also affect the way he represents the people. Campaign money from sponsors may mean that he is subject to manipulation by the sponsors and this may mean that he is not well focused or that he may support political causes just to satisfy the sponsors. This can be seen in his disagreement with the Obamacare health plan and support for Medicare even though years of history suggest that Medicare was not working to provide good healthcare to the people of the United States of America. GAO. (2012, September 25). An Overview of Federal Funding Levels and Selected Challenges. Retrieved February 07, 2013, from Grants to State and Local Governments:

Poverty in Canada Essay Example for Free

Poverty in Canada Essay Poverty in Canada is a serious issue that needs to be effectively and efficiently addressed. Approximately one in six Canadians lives in poverty despite Canada being among the wealthiest developed countries. The poor live in poor housing conditions, earn minimal wages and overcrowded regions with some being forced into the streets, in cars or old vans. (www. kairoscanada. org). Poverty makes them live in fear, become malnourished, bad health conditions that make their lives a misery. Canada has a record of having the strongest economic growth especially from 1997-2003. What are the causes of poverty in Canada? Poverty rates for the minority groups’ for instance aboriginal people, new immigrants, single parents and one disabled are higher. These people lack secure employment from which they can earn a decent source of income. Without the finances they cannot cater for their basic needs like food, shelter and clothing. Lack of adequate and efficient government support also contributes to the higher rates of poverty. The poor get poorer when relevant authorities fail to provide or open channels through which they can access financial assistance. Poverty in Canada is highly correlated to gender, race and a citizen’s status in the society. (www. ccsd. ca). Those from families that are at a higher rank in terms of social power will be of better economic status compared to those from poor families. Poverty tends to be inherited as wealth and riches are. (www. kairoscanada. org). Education is a vital factor affecting or contributing to poverty. Parental education level affects how their children will be whereby those with tertiary education have the skills or knowledge to acquire decent employment that can enable them lead decent lives. The family size and structure also contributes to poverty. Single parents have higher chances of living in poverty as they have to single-handedly cater for their children. Large families also need more finances to cater for all their needs and small families generally tend to be better off. Cultural barriers and prejudice affects or influences government policies as well as social attitudes and economic structures. Distribution of wealth and not lack of it acts as a major cause of poverty in Canada. Poor pay act as a major determinant of poverty. The government allocates a minimal amount of resources for overall social transfers for instance on income assistance, child benefits, old age security, disability assistance, employment insurance and social assistance. New immigrants get poor wages and work under hostile conditions. Since they do not have permanent residency they are very susceptible to exploitation. They work for long hours, earn sub-standard wages, lack over time pay and are physically or verbally abused. (www. kairoscanada. org). Discrimination against women and people of colour hinders them from employment opportunities. Gender inequalities and domestic responsibilities, lack of appropriate childcare and language barriers hinder effective employment and consequently poverty levels rise. Family characteristics for instance the age of becoming a parent affects or rather influences family income levels and increases the chances of poverty. Research has shown that families of single mothers are generally poorer than families headed by men. In terms of wages paid women tend to earn less than males as they participate a lot in domestic chores and childcare (www. kairoscanada. org). They also tend to be more represented in the service and less paying employment opportunities as compared to men. What are the effects of poverty in Canada? Poverty in Canada has detrimental effects in economic, social as well as psychological aspects of those it involves. It deprives off the poor important things like food, shelter, clothing, education, health and employment. Inability to adequately provide for the poor is a cost to the government especially when cost of housing for example increases. Quality of healthcare provided is undermined as the demand for these services increases. Poverty is linked to poor health and since Canada provides universal health care it has increased expenses providing for more patients. Poverty and income inequalities have a major effect on health where health effects of poverty are felt more among the poor. The costs incurred on other services like education, recreation, transportation, security and pension also face a blow as the demand increases. (www. kairoscanada. org). Poverty affects people’s self esteem, dignity and belonging as it exposes them to hostile indecent living conditions. Those discriminated upon are emotionally affected by the way the society treats them. Poverty has a negative impact on social cohesion as well as economic prosperity. Poverty is also responsible for increased incidences of child labour and child abuse. Poor families can use their children to supplement their incomes. Criminal activities are aggravated by poverty since the poor may use illegitimate means to attain the basic necessities. How is poverty addressed or handled in Canada? Canadians fight or react to poverty in different perspectives. Direct donations and charity are offered to the poor and they include money, time, clothing and food. Economic based strategies are also developed for instance the creation of cooperatives and local businesses that are supported and run by the community in terms of funds or loans. This approach is beneficial to the community at large as what an individual could not have afforded is now affordable. Government protests and advocacy is another response to poverty. Churches and other non governmental organisations lobby to government to address vital issues like on income security where minimum wages can be set, employment insurance, childcare, social programs and fairness of taxation. Anti-poverty groups create or rather raise awareness of poverty and by so doing, keep the government in check. What are the strategies of fighting poverty in Canada? Government policies should be changed so as to increase more income supports for the Canadians. There should be increased security and remuneration in the labour markets whereby minimum wages as well as observance or adherence of human rights to part time and contract workers are considered. (www. socialjustice. org). There should also be increased accessibility to public facilities like housing, childcare as well as recreational programs. The children are a vulnerable population that ought to be adequately attended to. The Canadian government ought to be committed in setting targets of progress. Setting a parliamentary committee would also be appropriate especially in ensuring that there is transparency and effectiveness in the process of poverty eradication. It can establish fair tax systems for instance a low-income tax that can promote education to uplift the poor people’s living conditions. The government ought to assist single parents by increasing their benefits. Child benefits should also be increased so as to improve the living standards of children from poor families. Cultural transformation is also crucial if poverty is to be eliminated in Canada as cultural aspects influence poverty. (www. socialjustice. org). People can be encouraged to value and pursue academic goals so as to increase their chances of getting jobs that can enable them lead decent lives. An effective poverty eradication strategy is one that is made for the people and by the people. It is therefore very important to involve the minority groups like people of colour and women in the design and implementation of poverty eradication strategies. Families can be encouraged to raise small families so that their educational levels can be higher as their family incomes would be higher. Cooperative societies and other forms of community efforts to mobilize finances for the overall development should also be encouraged. They will be very important in ensuring that the status of the poor is uplifted. Education is very important in ensuring that people attain the necessary skills to fit in the job market. (www. conferenceboard. ca) Concerns of the poor should therefore be felt or reflected in the government policies as well as in its decision-making processes. Their human as well as economic rights should be fought for or respected. Reducing the gap between the rich and the poor would be an appropriate measure by the Canadian government. (english. napo-onap. ca). It only works to make the rich richer as the poor languish in poverty. Hiring processes should be fair and just so that the human rights are respected. Discrimination has negative effects, as it would result to under-utilisation of skills, capacities, talents and opportunities all of which are beneficial to the country as a whole.

Importance of Database Security

Importance of Database Security To be able to manage a huge amount of data effectively and fast, a well organized system is needed to build. It will also need to store and retrieve data easily. Generally, a database system is designed to be used by many users simultaneously for the specific collections of data. Databases are classified based on their types of collections, such as images, numeric, bibliographic or full-text. Digitized databases are created by using management system to make, store, maintain or search the data. Oracle, MS SQL and Sybase servers are mostly used in companies, agencies and institutions for their different purposes of the assets. On the one hand, internetworking technology provides the assets efficiently and effectively among cooperation but it also gives opportunities to hackers or lawbreakers to make profits. So, database security becomes the most important issue and all related agencies have to focus on the availability of their data to the authorized users only. The protection of data from unauthorized disclosure, alteration or destruction is the main purpose of the database security process. Database security is the system, processes, and procedures that protect database from unintended activity that can be categorized as authenticated misuse, malicious attacks made by authorized individuals or processes. Databases have been protected from external connections by firewalls or routers on the network perimeter with the database environment. Database security can begin with the process of creation and publishing of appropriate security standards for the database environment. Particularly database systems in E-commerce, can access the database for exchange and retrieval of information from web applications. As many layers consisted for web application access, it is needed to make sure the security of each layer. In this paper, we are making an attempt to present how to make secure database in each layer of database system of ecommerce in details. Importance of Database Security In this information technology age, it is compulsory for all types of institutions or companies to make avail their information assets online always through databases. However, they must have a policy to divide the levels of users with to which extent they can asset the information. It is vital not to give opportunities to mischievous intruders. Databases are used to provide personnel information, customer information, credit card numbers, financial data and business transactions, etc. The information is very sensitive and highly confidential and must be prevented from disclosure by other competitors and unauthorized persons. The security of data is crucial not only in business but also in even home computers as personal files, details of bank accounts are difficult to replace and potentially unsafe if they will be in wrong hands. Data destroyed by hazards like floods or fire is just lost but handing it in unethical person will have severe consequences. Other threats will be included human errors and espionage. Therefore, the data security starts with strategies of identifying the area of exposure which will be affected. It is important to define who can access what data, who is allowed and who is restricted, whether passwords are used and how to maintain it, what sort of firewalls and anti-malware solutions to use, how to train the staff and to enforce data security. Furthermore, the backup continuity plan should be laid out so that even though the systems fail, the business can be carried out without delay. While constructing the infrastructure security of a company, database security should be well considered. Database is very crucial to most enterprises at present days; the damage of database will have tragic impact on it. Unsecured systems will make hurt both the company itself and its clients. Based on the research done by American National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) in 2000, the continuous attacks on U.S. e-commerce system are increasing. The most interrupted system is Microsoft Windows NT systems, but UNIX based operating systems have also been maltreated. The hackers are utilizing at least three identified system weaknesses to be able to achieve illegal access and download information. Even though these vulnerabilities are not freshly innovated and the mischievous activities of hackers had been in progress for quite long before the sufferer became noticed of the intrusion. The insecurity of the database can affect not only the database itself, but also the other running systems which have the relationship with that database. The process of an intruder can be first to get access to the poorly safe database, then use strong built-in database characters to get admission to the local operating system. In this way, other trusted systems connecting with that database will be easily attacked by the intruder. Database Security in E-commerce database Database system cannot stand alone and it needs to depend on many other systems. Hence, database security is a combination of many other associated and correlated systems are included as well. The following figure is a normal schema of E-commerce Company. In figure 1, the four basic layers are existed in order to defend a database system. These systems are the functioning system on which the database system runs. Firewall is a commonly applied mechanism to obstruct the interruption from the external network. Web server and web application offer numerous services to the end user by accessing the database. Network layer is the medium in which the data is transmitted. Operating system layer Operating system security is a very important characteristic in database administration. Some dominant features of database systems will possibly be a crack for the underlying operating system. Thus, the responsible person should very thoroughly scan the relations between a feature of database and it is operating system. According to Gollmann, there are five layers in Information Technology system. These layers are application, services, operating system, os kernel and hardware. Each layer is constructed on top of other fundamental ones. As the database system is at the service and application layer, it is existed in above the operating system layer. If the weaknesses of the operating system platforms are identified, then those weaknesses may lead to illegal database access or manipulation. Database configuration files and scripts are at server level resources and they should be sheltered severely to ensure the reliability of the database environment. In many database environments, membership in Operating system group is authorized full power of controlling over the database. To keep away from mistreatment and exploitation of the membership, those users membership and access to the database should be warranted frequently. One of the responsibilities of Administrator is to organize the settings of the operating system or to adjust the size of the buffer and the timeout period, so as to avoid the rejection of service attack stated previously. Most operating system vendors supply system patches generously and fast if any vulnerability has been detected on the system. Another weakness which is often ignored by the administrator is to bring up to date the operating system with the latest patches to abolish the newest revealed holes of the system. Network layer Data has to be transmitted through the network including local LAN and Internet when web applications communicate with database or other distributed components. The two major network transmissions are from user to web server, and from the web application to web database server. All these communications must be completely protected. Although the administrator can secured the network in local domain, the global internet is unmanageable. Encryption is another influential technology. It is set aside not only the invader cannot interrupt but also the encrypted data is unreadable and tremendously hard to presume or decrypt. The matching key can only be to decrypt the cipher text. The two means to apply encryption in database system are of the one way to use the encryption options provided by database products and another way to obtain encryption products form trusted vendors. In addition, one more approach for a safety connection is practicing the secured protocols above TCP/IP, for example, the technology of Ipsec and VPN (Virtual Private Network). The personal traffic in the course of the public internet by means of encryption technology can be provided by VPN. In generally, SSL (secure sockets layer) can be used as another way for cryptography on top of TCP/IP. Safe and sound web sessions can be obtained by Netscape. SSL has newly developed into Transport Layer Security (TLS) that make certain no other invasion may snoop or interfere with any communication. Utilization of SSL can help to validate and protect web sessions, but the computer itself cannot be safe. Web servers There are dissimilarities in functions of Web programs and common programs in area of safety. The major reason is safety for Web application program as the flaw is not easy to perceive. Web server that keeps the external disturbances is located in the middle of the application server and firewall. It can be applied as intermediary to get the data that we approved to be available. For the time being, the software commonly used in web applications is CGI (Common Gateway Interface). The web server can do a different function in easier way as it is uncomplicated. It is user-friendly as a web page counter. Moreover, for example as reading the input from the remote user, it can be used as multifarious to access the input as uncertainty to a local database. CGI proceeds the outcome to the user after retrieving the database. On the other hand, it is also risky since CGI scripts permit software applications to be carried out inside the web server. The well-known language for CGI scripts is Perl since it is simple to build applications and parse the input from the user. Nevertheless, Perl can be exploited by wicked users as it grants some forceful system commands. The invader can simply demolish the system if CGI was weakly executed by web server. This may be a huge hazard to the system as someone can easily eliminate the classified files from Web server as effortless to contact. To get rid of the intimidations, there are several ways to prevent these. The CGI scripts should be prohibited by abuser to write, and the arrangement should be done to CGI program that can be performed as a single way of directory. It should also be cautious in writing the CGI script. No more longer usage of CGI applications such as sample applications should be disposed as these are approachable to Web server and major intentions for invaders since older CGI samples have safety gaps. Without comprehensive handlings, default settings of Web application server can be a huge imperfection of the system if the database system networks with CGI. There need to make sure the system for which extent of operation is unapproved to the clients when a use logs into the database. Web serve with verification methods built in CGI is the most valuable way which means to prepare a CGI script with login name and password to prevent the files. By doing this, the files are protected to the web server apart from readable only. The safety gaps should be checked firmly and regularly to all the scripts even though these are obtained by self-developed, downloaded or bought from vendors. Firewalls The major significant layer to slab the external interruption of the system is Firewalls. Packet filter and proxy server are the two types of firewall mechanism. The connected data between the application and database are divided into packets which consist of much information in its headers, for examples, sources, destination address and protocol being used. A number of them are cleaned as with which source addresses are unbelievable to access to the databases. The arrangement of firewall should be done to access only one or few protocols which is helpful for application queries such as TCP whereas the other packets are choked-up firmly. Accordingly, the smallest amount of risks is maintained for the vulnerable system. Moreover, the ping of fatal loss will be kept systematically if the firewall is constructed to abandon the approached ICMP demand. The potential invaders should be marked out by reserving log files at the firewall. There are two connections in Proxy server. The first one is the connection between cooperations database and proxy server. Another one is the connection between proxy servers also provided the log and audit files. On the other hand, there are very hard to build up strong firewalls, and also too huge and tough to investigate the audit tracks. Database server Database servers are the fundamentals and essentials of greatest values in each and every sector of Education, Health, Military, Manpower, Economics, Modern Arts and Sciences, Information Technology, Electronic Businesses, Financial Institutions, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System, and even universally comprised of sensitive information for business firms, customers, marketers and all stakeholders. The functions and purposes of Database servers are highly depended on the users of their particular intentions for applying the services provided by the operating systems. Some good safety practices for Database servers are to: use multiple passwords to access multi-functions of a server such as using one password to access the single system for administration; apply a different password for another operation; be audited for each and every transaction of the database; utilize application specific user name and password and should never use a default user name or password; back up the system thoroughly for late recovery in case of accidentally break down Allowing to know the end-user for the name and location of database is very worthless. In addition, exposing physical location and name of every database can also be a huge danger to the system. To cover up these issues, we should better practice the service names and pseudonyms. The several copies should be done for the important files which control the accessibility to the database services. Each and every copy should be also connected to a meticulous user group. Moreover, the members of each group should be allowed to access only the relevant documents concerning them. Conclusion The institutions, organizations and business firms mainly stored their important information and valuable assets as digital formats in online related excellent databases. The safety and security issues of Databases become strongly an essential role in the modern world for enterprises. To save from harm of database is to prevent the companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ untouchable information resources and digital belongings. Database is the multifarious system and very complicated to handle and difficult to prevent from invaders. Last, but not the least, database protection is also to be taken significantly to the confidentiality, availability and integrity of the organizations like other measures of the safety systems. It can be guarded as diverse natures to cover up. Although auditing is critical, but analysis is also very tough while potential analytical tools will be an enormous contribution to protect the online rationality of database system. There should be reinforced to the corporate safety and security issues. Means of verification and encryption will play the essential role in modern database precaution and safety system.

The History Of Descartes Dream Argument

The History Of Descartes Dream Argument In this paper, I will be discussing Descartes dream argument for which I will try to find reliable signs between being asleep and awake. When looking at Descartes argument I find it to be a valid argument due to its premises and structure. I will explain his argument, prove that it is factually sound and valid, and then discuss arguments against his argument and then refute them. Descartes attempts to find out what true knowledge was by finding everything something that was indubitable. His thought was to take the indubitable belief and build his knowledge and beliefs based on the indubitable belief. His dream argument was one of the ways he attempted to strengthen his theory. His dream argument states the idea that one cannot trust your senses when awake, because your mind is capable producing false images while dreaming. If the mind can produce false images while we are asleep dreaming, couldnt your mind also create false images while you are awake? If you cant fully trust what you have seen while asleep, how can you rely on what you see when awake? Descartes dream argument states that you can often have perceptions very much like the ones while dreaming. There are no definite signs to determine dreaming experience from a waking experience. Therefore, It is possible that I am dreaming right now and all knowledge I find while dreaming is false. In other term s, Descartes first premise states that when asleep or awake, the same type of perception and senses are found feel the same way no matter which state you are in. His second premise states that there are no reliable ways to determine if you are dreaming or not that would be able to work every time. With these two premises, Descartes finds that while you are asleep, you could be feeling similar things to what you might feel while awake. You cant tell if you are dreaming or awake at any given time, which means you could be dreaming and everything which you would sense or feel would be based on false and untrue findings. This statement leads you to question whether at any given time are you awake or dreaming, or are you in a constant state of dreaming and anything knowledge you gained during your constant dreaming state, is true or not? This argument backs what Descartes is trying to prove, what real knowledge is, and that knowledge we find to be true could still be false, because of th e state in which we received the knowledge. We cannot simply accept this argument without attempting to find ways to disprove it. If we pretend that the feelings we have while we are asleep are like the feelings we have when we are awake, and if we cant tell if we are dreaming or not, the only conclusion you can make from this is that it is entirely possible to be dreaming at this moment and all of our feelings are based on factitious things. We wouldnt be able to tell the difference between a dreaming state and an awake state, because they both feel the same to us. When are dreaming you can possibly feel everything you would while being awake. This concludes that there is no way to know if you are curled up in your bed dreaming, or out in the real world awake. I believe that the first premise is true because everyone including myself has had a moment in a dream in which they felt like was reality. As long as you have had at least one small tiny moment in which you thought a dream was a reality, the premise holds. It doesnt require all of our dreams to be this way, it requires just one small moment to put the d oubt in your mind, if it happened once couldnt it be happening right now. A counter argument we will look at tries to go against what Descartes was trying to prove through his dream argument, which is can you cast doubt on knowledge that we would otherwise deem truthful. The ideas in your dreams are based off of things or experiences you have had or felt in real life, which would mean you could trust what you felt in your dreams, because it is based off of the real world. In the real world you can come across a picture of a unicorn which we know doesnt exist. A unicorn is merely a horse with a horn on its head, both things which exist in the real world, and even though the picture is factitious it comes from experiences in the real world. Which would mean anything we dream up would come from things we have already seen in real live. A way to disprove this argument would be modern video games. For example the video game Skyrim which has you running around in a factitious world hunting down dragons. Dragons are a completely fictional creature which leads us to show that someone at some point dreamt up the creature of a scaled, flying, fire breathing beast. Whom ever dreamt up the fictional character of a dragon would have done so without any previous experience of what characteristics a dragon would possess. Which in turn leads us to believe people can make things up without ever having a dragon like creature imprinted in his mind before dreaming it up. Descartes argument was found to be both sound and valid. We can conclude that at any given time we cannot determine if we are dreaming or not. I believe Descartes was right with his findings. I do not believe that there are any valid signs to determine whether you are awake or asleep. Granted you may be able to argue that the pain you felt while you where awake such as getting punched in the face could only happen while you were awake that there was no way that you could be dreaming. But you can always go back to that one dream or moment when you were in an sleeping state and you felt a pain that felt so real you could have sworn you werent dreaming. All it takes for Descartes argument to work is for you to be able to think of that one moment in which a part of your dream felt so real that you could have sworn it really happened. This goes to show if it happens once even for a split second, it could be happening right now and you would never know it.

China :: essays research papers fc

Qin Shihuangdi   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Among one of the first dynasties the Qin dynasty would be the start to revolutionize the world. The Qin dynasty was ruled by Qin Shihuangdi in the late 200’s BCE. In creating the first empire, Qin Shihuangdi divided the land into separate provinces and districts, standardized laws and public works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Qin created a bureaucracy in China by dividing the lands into thirty-six separate provinces, â€Å"The first emperor divided the country into thirty-six commanderies...† (Territorial, Political and Cultural Growth of China, 309). These provinces were further divided into many separate districts which were governed by three Qin representatives: a civil governor, a military governor and an imperial inspector. These three representatives governed their districts and collected taxes for the emperor, â€Å"Thus tax collection and conscription of men for the army and labor on government projects and all other important functions were centralized† (Peijin). Creating a bureaucracy caused China to modify and set ideas of laws.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Along with the implementation of the bureaucracy came much standardization. The written language was standardized, as were the systems of weights, measurements and currencies, â€Å"The individual systems of weights, measures and currency which had existed in each of the Warring States were changed to conform to the Qin state standard† (Peijin). Furthermore, an uniform set of laws were established throughout the empire. Even such seemingly trivial things like the axle seize in carts were standardized, â€Å"... even the axle length of carts was made uniform† (Peijin). Because with a standard size cart, the emperor was able to build standard size roads.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Public works was a huge part of the Empire. Construction of the Great Wall began during Qin’s rule, although it didn’t reach its full glory until the Ming dynasty, â€Å"The Qin dynasty commanded a high level of technological skill and artistic talent, as attested by the first emperor’s mausoleum, an enormous complex of underground chambers extending over an area of twenty-one square miles(Territorial, Political and Cultural Growth of China, 309). Many canals and roads were built during his reign,†...established conditions for the improvement of production, transportation, communications, administration and cultural mingling among the different parts of the country† (Peijin). Public works is still used today in the modern world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dividing the land into separate provinces and districts, standardizing laws and

Migraine Headaches and Monosodium Glutamate Essay -- Health Medicine P

Migraine Headaches and Monosodium Glutamate For a countless number of years now, my sister has experienced excruciating migraine headaches; ones that keep her out of school too much during the year. She has seen different doctors and they have all tried to figure out what the cause is, but so far, it is yet to be done. I started looking around and saw that MSG has been know to trigger migraine headaches, and it occurred that this could be a possibility in my sister’s case. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is a salt added to foods to enhance flavor. This additive helps to bring out natural flavors that make foods taste their best. MSG is made from starch, corn sugar, or molasses from sugar cane or sugar beets and is produced by a natural fermentation process that has been used over time to make foods like beer, vinegar, and yogurt. (http://ificinfo.health.org/brochure/msg.htm) MSG and Head Pain Because MSG is a flavor enhancer for foods, many competitors in the food industry use lower quality foods and just add it in because of its cheap price. This allows the manufacturer to have a large gain in the economy. There is a large investment in MSG that leads food giants and glutamate manufacturers to get together to finance â€Å"medical research studies† to prove the safety of the additive to the consumer. Obviously, the research done in these studies funded by the manufacturer will â€Å"prove the safety† of MSG. The FDA’s Advisory Board consists of food industry reps as opposed to an unbiased group. It would only seem natural that the board accepts these research studies. When doctors look at these reports, they see that they are industry funded and don’t take into consideration that MSG could be causin... ...estigating this topic was to find the role, if any, that MSG played in the instigation of migraine headaches. In researching, however, I was presented with more information, finding out that MSG is known to cause more than just headaches, as shown in this study. Before looking into studies done on the topic of MSG’s effects on migraines, I deduced that there could possibly be a link between the two, however, this study gives much stronger evidence that MSG is troublesome more to some people than to others. Bibliography Diamond, S., Prager, J., & Freitag, F.G. (1986). Diet and headache. Is there a link? Postgrad Med, 279-86 Drouin, M.A., Herbert, M., Karsh, J., Mao, Y., & Yang, W.H. (1997). The monosodium glutamate complex: assessment in a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study Journal of Allergy Clinical Immunology, 757-62

Visual Form Agnosia Essays -- Medical Research

Visual form agnosia is defined as the inability to recognize objects (Goldstein, 2010). To understand the basic concept of visual form agnosia, it is important to first understand that perception and recognition are separate processes. Perception is defined as the ability to become aware of something through our senses, and recognition is the ability to put an object in a group that gives the item meaning. When a person suffers from visual form agnosia, they are generally able to identify the item and distinguish parts of it, but are not able to perceptually accumulate every piece of the item in order to identify the item as complete (Goldstein, 2010). The following is a review of studies concerning the different aspects, theories, and characteristics in visual form agnosia. The brain is divided into two visual streams, the ventral and the dorsal stream. Goodale and Milner (1998) have suggested that the ventral stream is dedicated to processing vision for perception, and the dorsal stream for vision and action. On the other hand, there is a possibility that the processes in the visuomotor stream can provoke perceptual processes. The propose of the visuomotor stream is that it provides signals, which enhances the person’s ability to distinguish the form of the object. This study illustrated that stimulated perceptual development vanishes if the intended objects only have a difference in respect to their shape, but not width (Goodale & Milner, 1998). Emphasis has been placed on the disconnection of the dorsal and ventral streams, but there are also many associations between them, and the state of successful integration of their ‘complementary contributions’ can help humans with goal-directed adapted behavior (Goodale & Servos, ... ... Goodale, M.A., & Servos, P. (1995). Preserved visual imagery in visual form agnosia. Neuropsychologia, 33 (11), p. 1383-1394. Goldstein, E.B. (2010). Sensation and perception: Eighth edition. California: Linda Schreiber. McIntosh, R.D., Milner, A.D., Mon-Williams, M., & Tresilian, J.R. (2001). Monocular and binocular distance cues: Insights from visual form agnosia I (of III). Exp Brain Res, 139, p. 127-136 Milner, A. D., & Schenk, T. (2006). Concurrent visuomotor behaviour improves form discrimination in a patient with visual form agnosia. European journal of neuroscience, 24 (5), p. 1495-1503. Vercera, S.P. (2001). Dissociating ‘what’ and ‘how’ in visual form agnosia: A computational investigation. Nueropsychologia, 40, p. 187-204. Weiskrantz, L. (1997). Consciousness lost and found: A neuropsychological exploration. Oxford University Press, p. 294

Online Shopping Research

The research question â€Å"Does the online shopping affect to purchase decision of shoppers who retain visiting and buying clothes from the store or the market in London area? † 3. 1 evaluate techniques for use with quantitative data in the research proposal The quantitative data is sample and objective. The figure is showing in statistic such as the count of frequencies, rate of percentages or another statistic way of actual absence of behaviour.There are a number of approaches to collect quantitative data such as surveys, questionnaires (close-ended questions), clinical test. The quantitative data mostly is used with large sample. It is no need for the participant to put their name on the questionnaires which is help to gain more data than qualitative data collection method that required the personal detail (will be explain more in 3. 2) . The data analysis will be display in the bar chart, pie chart, graph or histogram.The researcher can be clearly to understand and compar e result in general. From the research question which is about the behaviour of shopper to make a purchase decision on buying cloth. The quantitative collection that would be the most appropriate to implement in this research should be the close-ended questionnaires because the survey and questionnaires can be complete namelessly, thus it allows to get a lots of data from great number of sample from the sample field either or the internet.The close-ended questionnaires are easy to analyse and compare because it can be done in term of rate of percentages or histogram. However, some of the participant might give the dishonestly responses cause of the biased result. This data collection method provide researcher to cover a wide range of the research question but only in the general view it cannot provide in-depth opinion of participant. The cost to process this data collection is inexpensive unless using conducting the survey via the telephone.It may take moderate of time required depe nds on the system that the researcher will conduct for example mail and telephone would be take more time that give the questionnaire papers in sample area. 3. 2 evaluate techniques for use with qualitative data in the research proposal The qualitative data is about â€Å"Why† which is help the researcher to find out more depth information and being clear perspective in the research question. The qualitative collection methods such as the surveys, open-ended questionnaires, interview, focus group etc.Most of this method requires a long period of time and money to support the conducting. According to the research question which is related on the shopper’s behaviour. Therefore the interview would be the ideal method to collect the data because it offer full stories and depth information which is given the flexibility to research for exploring topic in detail and varied perspective. Moreover the interview method gives a chance for interviewer to explain the question that interviewees not understand clearly and get the right information from interviewees.However in reality, The conducting of the interview data collection method is difficult to produce because It is required the highly skilled interviewer and honest who can control the scope of the answers related to the subject, unbias and create the comfortable atmosphere to interviewees, It is also need to prepare the closed area for the interview in term of protecting the interruption for environment. Moreover It is numberless of people to participate the interview because it need to ask the personal detail in case of following or re-collecting the data which is uncommonly to encourages people getting involve.Apart from the difficult of conducting, the interview is time consuming and expensive for this research. Although, it is hard to conduct the interview but there are another way to gain detailed information from participant by using the open-ended questionnaires. It is inexpensive method and t he researcher can conduct it together with the closed-ended questionnaires. From this way it increasing an opportunity to get more in-depth information and research can be provide the critical analysis.It might be difficult to interpret wording or phrases that participant be using and it is often that people not given the answer in the questionnaires which cause of the missing data. As stated by the research question, The possible sample area that can be collect the data would be chosen mainly in Camden lock market and online social website as facebook or alternatively student in the college. The methods that would be using in this research would be closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires in term of to cover the wide objective of topic and get some detail from the questionnaire.This both methods can be gathering data to each other. The researcher can be able to produce the questionnaire in one page and unneeded name, Thus participants would pleasant to do it. As the reason as pre sent before, The mixed questionnaires would be suitable to apply for the crowded market as Camden lock market that mostly of the people busy at shopping because it required less time for participants to complete and it is in expensive to conduct for research even though, it require moderate time. ReferencesRichard Gay,Alan Charlesworth, and Rita Esen, (2007) , â€Å" Online marketing – a customer-led approach† Oxford university press, Great clarendon street ,Oxford Sarah Quinton and Teresa Smallbone (2006) , â€Å"Postgraduate research in business – a critical guide† SAGE publications LTd. Saunders,Lewis and Thornhill (2007), â€Å"Research methods for business students (fourth editon)†, Pearson education limited. â€Å"Overview of Qualitative Methods and AnalyticTechnique† http://www. nsf. gov/pubs/1997/nsf97153/chap_3. htm â€Å" Evaluation method† http://socrates. berkeley. edu/~pbd/pdfs/Evaluation_Methods. pdf

Management and Illustrations Pearson Education Essay

This workbook will support you in achieving all aspects of your Apprenticeship framework. This section will help you prepare for the ? rst visit by your assessor, and forms part of the induction to your Apprenticeship. In this section you will ? nd an activity to help you prepare and gather evidence for your assessment related to this topic: 1. Preparing for a Level 3 Apprenticeship Some of the evidence you will be asked to provide will be assessed both through documents and tasks that you have completed in your work and by direct observation. You might be observed by your assessor when you are working. Your supervisor or other colleagues can also observe you at work and complete a witness statement to give to your assessor. These observations should be of real work activities and not simulated tasks. If you are recorded while you are working, you may have to get permission from any colleagues present during the recording. The tasks in this Workbook will provide further evidence for all aspects of your framework. You will also take part in professional discussions with your assessor during the visit. Your assessor may want to discuss your progress with your workplace supervisor, so your supervisor will need to know the planned date of the visit. Original text and illustrations  © Pearson Education Limited, 2011 1 1 BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 3 Business & Administration 1 1. PREPARING FOR A LEVEL 3 APPRENTICESHIP As a Business & Administration Level 3 apprentice, you will play an important support role at work. You will be handling day-to-day activities in an of? ce setting within a business organisation. You could, for example, be working in a public sector organisation, a charity, a newspaper or in an of?ce in a retail setting. The exact nature of your job will depend upon your employer. However, it is likely that you will be helping the business run smoothly by doing tasks such as typing up meeting documents, handling spreadsheets, and dealing with incoming and outgoing post for the organisation. Ef? cient admininstration helps a business run smoothly. The tasks in this section of the Workbook will help you to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of your Apprenticeship. You will explore the components of the Apprenticeship, the strategies for assessment and the importance of the Apprenticeship agreement. This will help you to develop an individual learning plan (ILP), which will be reviewed on each assessor visit in a meeting you have with your tutor and your supervisor. 2 Original text and illustrations  © Pearson Education Limited, 2011 BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 3 Business & Administration KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING The tasks that follow will require you to study the Business Administration Level 3 Apprenticeship framework. You will look at the components of the framework and explain why they are important and how they will be assessed. You will also explore the purpose and usefulness of the Apprenticeship agreement. WorkSkills Unit 1: 1. 1, 1. 2 1 Task 1a Each Apprenticeship has its own framework. The Business Administration Level 3 Apprenticeship is made up of four elements. These are: †¢ employment rights and responsibilities †¢ competence-based element †¢ knowledge-based element †¢ Key or Functional Skills. Complete the table on page 4 to show the quali? cations that make up each element of your Apprenticeship. State the types of evidence you will need to gather. Entries for the ? rst element of the framework have been provided as an example. Once you have done this, develop strategies you could use to gather evidence for each element and suggest ways you could prepare for any tests in Functional Skills or Key Skills, and in the BTEC certi? cate. Original text and illustrations  © Pearson Education Limited, 2011 3 BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 3 Business & Administration 1 Element Employment rights and responsibilities Quali? cation Why it is important WorkSkills for It helps me to settle into my job Apprenticeships and the Apprenticeship and to understand important aspects of being employed. It helps me to assess my time management, learning and personal skills to ensure that I successfully complete my framework. It will help me to think creatively, enquire independently and solve problems. I will look at employment rights and responsibilities, current employment legislation and conditions of service. I’ll examine the role of the trades unions. I will also study con? ict situations and learn the steps to take where there is evidence of bullying or discrimination, and ? nd out about sources of support and advice both in and outside work. I will learn the skills needed to lead a team and the roles and responsibilities of a team leader. Types of evidence Completion of tasks and exercises in my Workbook. Performance evidence, such as observation record and witness testimonies from my supervisor and other colleagues. Work documents, such as contract, job description, payslip, and information about projects that I have worked on. Professional discussions with my assessor. Competencebased element NVQ It will enable me to provide a service level to internal and external customers whilst taking into consideration company expectations/standards and the company code of conduct. Witness statements from my line manager an other colleagues, Planning tools such as flow charts and work plans, Diary pages, Action plans and checklists, e-mails memos and letters. Knowledgebased element BTEC It will help me to understand how Completion of tasks in my to prioritize tasks and produce a workbook and Professional sufficient standard of work. Enable discussions with my assessor. me to understand the requirements of internal and external customers whilst maintaining budgetary requirements. Key or Functional Skills. Functional Skills are to ensure that you have a good level of job supporting skills in English maths and ICT. Assessment through examination. 4 Original text and illustrations  © Pearson Education Limited, 2011 BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 3 Business & Administration WorkSkills Unit 1: 1. 3 Task 1b The Apprenticeship agreement is a contract entered into between an employer and an apprentice and the Apprenticeship training provider. When you started your Apprenticeship you would have signed an Apprenticeship agreement. The main points that must be covered in this agreement have been set out in legislation. Describe the purpose of the Apprenticeship agreement. Ensure that you cover all the main aspects of the agreement. 1 Agreeing the programme – Business Administration Level 3. Setting out the aims of the programme – to acquire a nationally recognized qualification in a structured programme of work based training. Defining the Training Process – Initial assessment, Individual learning log, Assessment carried out by qualified training and assessment co-ordinators and standards verified by internal and external verifiers/moderators. Monitoring progress, At any time requested plus a formal review, Progress file continually kept up to date. Terms and conditions. Types of training including mentors. Agreed workplace training course. Employment contract and terms and conditions in like with the company policies and employment legislation. Health & Safety – Company or college? Disciplinary principles and procedures – Company or college? Assessment appeals procedure. Preston College will provide me with a competent trainer who is able to offer me the learning, teaching support the relevant work based training, assessment, monitoring and reviews required to enable me to gain the level 3 qualification also offer me an individual work plan and programme which will be validated by the awarding body. I will comply with the terms and conditions set by both my employer and Preston College including attending work and set training sessions with my teacher, whilst working through all the units set in my own time, I will present my portfolio and work assignments for verification as requested. This agreement is to protect all parties involved, the signing of the learning agreement is to show that all parties understand what is required of them throughout the duration of the NVQ training process. WorkSkills Unit 1: 2. 1, 2. 2, 2. 3; Unit 7: 1. 1, 1. 2, 1. 4, 1. 6 PLTS SM: 1, 2, 3 Task 1c You will be required to develop an individual learning plan (ILP) as part of the induction visit. To be prepared for this, you will need to understand progression routes that are available to you and be able to set goals for completion of your framework. It is important to negotiate realistic targets to be included in your ILP. Good targets are ones that meet the SMART test. SMART targets are: †¢ Speci? c – they say exactly what you intend to do †¢ Measurable – you can prove you have reached them †¢ Achievable – they are not beyond your reach †¢ Realistic – you will have access to all the resources you will need to achieve them †¢ Time-related – you have set a deadline for completion. Original text and illustrations  © Pearson Education Limited, 2011 5. BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 3 Business & Administration 1 Prepare notes on: †¢ the importance of meeting deadlines at work and in learning †¢ the importance of being organised. Being organised is key to meeting targets and deadlines, if you are not organised things can easily be missed resulting in deadlines being missed, when carrying out duties that have a deadline if a person is prepared and well organised the actual task will run a lot smoother resulting in the deadline being more likely to be made if not achieved before the deadline arrives. Organisation within the workplace is key for a healthy running business if a workload is organised it is a lot clearer what the objectives of the task are and how far they have been completed. It is important to have deadlines for tasks to keep business’s running, if no one had a deadline people are more likely to have a more relaxed attitude to completing tasks and workloads thus slowing down the productivity of the business. Then review your development needs and prepare some notes setting out: †¢ your skills and learning requirements †¢ your learning goals. I have been employed by various companies over a 12 year period mainly in administrative rolls but each business has had a variety of different administration needs, there have been customer based, reception based, retail based, admin for a single department and admin for several departments within the business, whilst I do find it beneficial to have a broad knowledge of administration skills most of my abilities are either a basic knowledge or abilities I have developed myself, I would like this course to improve the skills I have already acquired and improve my ability and standard of what I am currently capable of as well as learning new skills to develop my current profession to a very high standard. My goals are to complete the level 3 to a high standard, gain further knowledge of administration & business skills to broaden my capabilities and to be able to give a better work based performance on a day to day basis. 6 Original text and illustrations  © Pearson Education Limited, 2011 BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 3 Business & Administration Finally, produce targets that you can discuss with your assessor when you meet to ? nalise your individual learning plan. These should be SMART targets, with each having clear deadlines for when they should be achieved. They should relate to: †¢ learning to be undertaken for the completion of the Apprenticeship framework †¢ managing commitments at work and in personal life while on the Apprenticeship †¢ contingency planning for learning not being completed on time. 1 I plan to complete the NVQ with a 17 month period giving myself a month per section, so I can take my time to fully absorb all information required to complete my NVQ to a high standard, to achieve this I plan to spend four hours a week of my personal time, 2 hours on research and planning and 2 hours on practical, written and presentation work, I plan to use any other free time I have in my own time to make sure I am progressing forward at a timely manor which fits in with my out of work commitments, I also plan to use any spare time I may have during working hours to achieve this. As the course must be completed in 24 months I feel that my plan for completion within 17 months gives enough time for any difficulties or unforeseen circumstances I may come across. When you have agreed your plan with your assessor, you should use your targets to check your progress. Remember to ask your assessor on each visit to sign off any targets that you have achieved and completed on time in your individual learning plan (ILP). Do this on every visit. WorkSkills Unit 1: 3. 1, 3. 2 Unit 2: 3. 1, 3. 2, 3. 3 Task 1d When deciding on progression routes, you can look at moving vertically – by going up your career path step by step – or you can move laterally – by looking to see what other careers are open to you at the same level. Administrators develop transferable skills and can ? nd jobs in many different organisations and sectors. You could also go on to further learning in full-time education. Original text and illustrations  © Pearson Education Limited, 2011 7 BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 3 Business & Administration 1 To complete the ? nal section of your individual learning plan, you will need to look at possible progression routes following successful completion of your Apprenticeship. In advance of your assessor’s visit, ? rst research useful sources of information on progression routes. These should cover information on further training and education as well as jobs and careers. List the most useful sources of information here. EducationCollege, adult learning – Various college websites Open University – www. open. ac.uk Full time Education through college or university – Various college and university websites TrainingIn house company training – Line Manager /HR Department Outsourced training such as day / week courses with companies such as Hemsley Fraser or GBS Corporate Training – www. hemsleyfraser. co. uk/ & www. gbscorporate. com/. CareerIn house job shadowing – Line Manager /HR Department Applying for in house promotion Applying for a similar role with better progression opportunities – www. gov. uk/jobsearch Use these sources to identify the occupational opportunities in administration and related sectors that particularly appeal to you. Compare the progression routes that you could take to access these opportunities. Administration can relate to many sectors of a business, personally I like that my current role involves admin for most of our departments as it offers a day to day variation, it also gives a broad knowledge of skills required for each department as the duties are not all the same, the variation offers the opportunity to undergo many different day / week courses to gain more knowledge of a particular department which could lead to a preferred area of the business, you could therefore concentrate on gaining knowledge for that department by job shadowing and taking more intense courses such as adult learning and further education to develop the skills to progress to a higher level in your chosen area of business. 8 Original text and illustrations  © Pearson Education Limited, 2011 BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 3 Business & Administration Finally, make a note of your preferred career pathway. You should be prepared to discuss your choice when you meet with your assessor. To help you prepare for this meeting, use the space below to set out the steps required to achieve your career ambitions. 1. I personally would like to continue with my career as I feel full time education is not right for me, I would like to continue in my current role for the next approximately 2 years to acquire all the skills I feel I would need to progress, I would then like to look at team leader / junior management positions within the office / administration environment looking after a small team as I feel this would be a natural progression route, once secure in a junior management role I would like to take a further education course such as NVQ level 4 and also job shadowing to gain the skill required for a higher management position. BTEC Unit 9: 1. 1, 1. 2, 1. 3, 1. 4, 1. 5, 1. 6, 2. 1, 2. 2 WorkSkills Unit 4: 1. 1, 1. 2, 1. 3, 1. 4, 2. 1, 2. 2, 2. 3, 2. 4, 3. 1, 3. 2, 3. 3, 3. 4. PROFESSIONAL DISCUSSION Your assessor will conduct a professional discussion with you that will capture evidence necessary to prove your level of knowledge and understanding of relevant topics. Some topic areas you will need to consider when preparing for the professional discussion include: †¢ employment rights †¢ the responsibilities of the employer and the employees †¢ agreed ways of working in your organisation †¢ health, safety and security in the business environment. Your assessor will plan the content of your professional discussion and will offer advice to help you to prepare beforehand. The professional discussion may cover more than the topics considered in this section of your Workbook. Original text and illustrations  ©. Pearson Education Limited, 2011 9 BTEC Apprenticeship Assessment Workbook Level 3 Business & Administration 1 Discussion process The questioning process will offer you the opportunity to show your knowledge and understanding of employment rights and responsibilities and to assess your own performance at work. To prepare for this discussion, you should think about how you could answer the type of questions that might be asked. †¢ What is the purpose of a contract of employment? †¢ What terms and conditions are included on your own contract? †¢ What are the main areas of legislation that affect employees and employers? †¢ What are the main employer and employee responsibilities in relation to equality, diversity and discrimination? †¢ Why is it important to ensure that equality and diversity procedures are followed? †¢ What are your employer’s responsibilities for ensuring health, safety and security where you work? †¢ What are your health and safety responsibilities? Why must you comply with health, safety and security procedures? †¢ Where would you ? nd out about employment rights and responsibilities? What are the main sources of information at work, and what are the useful sources of information outside your organisation? †¢ What are the purpose, function and responsibilities of representative bodies that support employees? †¢ What procedures would you follow in the event of a grievance? †¢ What personal information must you keep up to date with your employer? †¢ What are your agreed ways of working? †¢ What information is contained in your pay statement? †¢ What are the main areas of public concern relevant to the sector in which your organisation operates? †¢ How have these concerns altered public views about the sector? 10 Original text and illustrations  © Pearson Education Limited, 2011.

The Critique of Dr. Larry Crabb and Dr. Ron Hawkins

Two theorists, Dr. Crabb and Dr. Hawkins have different theories but the same goal in mind when discussing integrating spirituality and psychology. The ultimate goal for all theorists should be to reach the needs of the client. Dr. Crabb discusses the difference between the process of a secular counselor and those of a Christian counselor. He explains that even though their ultimate goal is the same the avenue they take is different due to a different set of rules. Dr Crabb‘s theory relies heavily on the Bible and Abraham Maslow’s classical needs hierarchy. Dr Crabb describes the difference in how people perceive their problems, some take ownership, and other may blame the environment. According to Dr. Crabb, our reactions to our difficult life experiences take one of three forms: guilt, resentment or anxiety (Crabb, 1977). In Dr. Crabb’s book, Effective Biblical Counseling, he summarizes a three-level counseling program which can be performed by members of the church, using the concept that every Christian can minister the word of God. Also read this  Critique of Stuff Is Not Salvation The first level is about educating the members of the church members on the basic practices and principles of biblical scripture, strategies of counseling and the tools to use to accomplish the counseling. The second level the uses scripture to persuade the client to perceive the situation and solution christianly. By using scripture to explain the situation and solution the client make the comparison to their situation. The third level is establishing a character which displays godly behavior that conforms to the standards of the church. The counselor should represent Christian values and principles in their everyday life. Dr. Crabb also discusses his four approaches to integration of Christianity and psychology. The first approach and the most balance of Dr. Crabb’s four approaches are â€Å"Spoiling the Egyptians† (Crabb, 1977). In the teachings of this approach Dr. Crabb changes the direction of teaching away from the traditional teaching that man has three parts. Dr. Crabb suggests that man has only â€Å"two parts; physical and personal, or material and non-material† (p. 88). The physical side belonging to the material side and the spirit and soul belonging to the immaterial side (p. 88). This approach also teaches that psychology is under God’s perfect, incapable of mistakes, brilliant revelations. According to Dr. Crabb scripture is to have precedence over non-biblical opinion in a purposeful capacity. The second approach is â€Å"Separate but equal†. This viewpoint establishes that psychology and spirituality does not mix anymore than if a person needs a serious operation they do not go to the bible for direction, they go to the hospital. Scripture is used to help a person deal with their troubling emotions or teaching of lessons. For example inProverbs 4:23 states, â€Å"above all else, guard your heart, for it is the wellspring of life. † The â€Å"heart† includes the mind and all that proceeds from it. Next we have the â€Å"Tossed Salad† approach which blends theology and psychology. It can be confusing because it does not blend in with secular concepts when suggesting Biblical truth. Last approach is the â€Å"Nothing Buttery† approach which disregards psychology all together. This approach says that all that is needed is Christ. â€Å"This is clearly seen in Paul’s commendation to Timothy: â€Å"†¦ from infancy you have known the Holy Scriptures, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus. All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work† 2 Timothy 3:15-17 (King James Version). He suggests that most patients are self centered because they seek counseling in their desire to be happy. He navigates away from the teachings that man is a tri-part creature and suggests that man has a two part division: The material side and immaterial side (p. 88). He explains that the path to true happiness is to be like Christ. He believes the goal of counseling is spiritual and psychological maturity and concern in helping people enter into greater worship and affective life of service. Dr. Crabb explains in his book that â€Å"Maturity involves two elements: long range character growth and immediate obedience† (p. 3). He feels that by using the seven stage model a counselor will be able to identify where wrong belief was learned, encourage expression of emotions surround beliefs, support the client as they change their beliefs, helping the client decipher the true meaning of the word, securing a commitment from the client to act on these beliefs, build a plan with the client on what action needs to be taken with their new beliefs and help them identify their lack of sin rel ated feels and the presence of â€Å"spiritual feelings†. Dr. Hawkins (2010) utilizes a set of concentric circles to demonstrate the factors that make up an individual. He starts with the innermost self, which is the core self. He explains that a healthy psychological person has a Holy Spirit at the core, He adds more circles to show how the individual’s personality in influenced. This is similar to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System Theory, which describes an individual’s development within the context of the individual’s environment. Unlike Dr Crabb, Dr. Hawkins emphasizes more on working with the client to build an intervention where the client will take ownership of the strategy and process of personal change. Dr Hawkins describes the first phase of a four phase model to understand the real problem. The client talks the counselor listens. Phase two, is paraphrasing and tracking what the client is really saying. Phase three is setting up a plan of action involving the client so the client is engaged in ownersh ip for this plan of action and responsibility for its outcome. In the final phase the counselor supports and guides the client to take accountability in the process of change. Evaluation of Strengths and Weaknesses Both these theories are similar and the outcome will be the same but the execution is different. In both theories the strength outweigh the negative because they are letting the client learn about themselves and how to breakdown their own problems. Both men rely on God’s guidance to lead in changing hurting humanity. Each model is well put together and easy to use. Dr. Crabb’s theory is more detailed whereas Dr. Hawkins’ presented his model in a more condensed form. Dr. Crabb proposes the counselor guides the client to be godly like and use the scriptures from the Bible to help the client understand the situation in comparison of a parable in the Bible, the compare the solution to what can be done to fix the problem. Dr. Hawkins theory starts out with the core self and explains that a psychologically healthy perso n has the Holy Spirit at the core. As he adds circles to tailor the influences to the client’s individual environment and life events explain the client’s personality. The Counselor listens to the client and then paraphrase to make certain of the problem. The client is involved in the plans and goals of overcoming the situation. By doing this the client can take accountability and responsibility of the outcome. Personal Reflection and Application In reflection of both these theories, I agree that the client should be guided in understanding the problem and in using the biblical parables to build a comparison to the underline problem and the best solution. As Christian children we are taught from the bible and use biblical verses to understand what’s and why’s of life. In using Dr. Crabb’s theory we can break down what is going on in the conscious mind and what is hidden in the unconscious mind. As counselors, we can breakdown the how the problem developed and what we can do to change the situation. We can guide the client into making these changes to better their lives. Dr Hawkins’ theory makes the client be responsible for the outcome by using the demonstrating the concentric circles to demonstrate how the problem gave birth to using the client’s environment and personality to change the situation and have a better outcome. I, personally was very interested in Dr, Crabb’s four approaches of integrating Christianity and psychology, especially the â€Å"Spoiling the Egyptians† (Crabb, 1977). As he explained that in this approach Dr. Crabb that man has only â€Å"two parts; physical and personal, or material and non-material† (p. 88). The physical side belonging to the material side and the spirit and soul belonging to the immaterial side (p. 88). When working with clients in a Christian Counseling scenario scripture is to have precedence over non-biblical opinion in a purposeful capacity.